NETRA VARTI IN AYURVEDA- AN IN-DEPTH REVIEW OF TRADITIONAL OPHTHALMIC WICKS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES

Abstract

Background: Shalakya Tantra (branch of Ayurveda dealing with diseases above the clavicle) emphasizes the management of ocular disorders due to the importance of the eyes as essential sense organs. Ayurvedic formulations such as Netra Varti (ophthalmic wick) serve as localized medicated wicks designed for targeted therapy within natural body orifices, offering distinct advantages over systemic treatments. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of classical ophthalmic wick formulations, their composition, preparation methods, modes of action, therapeutic applications, and potential integration with modern ophthalmic drug delivery systems. Methods: To examine classical Ayurvedic literature to analyse Varti Kalpana (wick formulations) regarding their preparation methods (Paka and Bhavana), types and specific herbal-mineral constituents utilised for treatment of Netra Rogas (eye illnesses). Results: Ophthalmic wicks are classified chiefly into scraping (Lekhana), healing (Ropana), and nourishing (Snehana) types, each designed to address particular Dosha (biological humour) imbalances and ocular pathologies. Application involves transformation into a paste applied to the inner eyelid surface, enabling localized drug delivery with both local and systemic pharmacological effects. Composition analyses highlight sophisticated combinations optimized for sustained therapeutic efficacy in ocular conditions. Conclusion: Ophthalmic wicks represent a traditional Ayurvedic innovation in ophthalmic drug delivery, balancing localized treatment with systemic benefits. Despite extensive classical documentation, there is a significant need for modern pharmacological validation, standardization, and clinical trials to substantiate efficacy and safety. Integrating classical knowledge with contemporary pharmaceutical sciences could advance formulation development, potentially bridging traditional and modern ophthalmic care.