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Differential expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 across WHO grades in meningioma: convergent evidence from mRNA, methylation, miRNA, and protein analysis

Meningiomas show biological heterogeneity not captured by WHO grading alone. TGF-β signaling has been implicated in meningioma pathobiology, yet a systematic, grade-stratified, isoform-resolved characterization of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 across transcriptional, epigenetic, pos...