Universitas Borneo Tarakan

Bisphosphonate therapy for thalassemia-related bone disorders in children and young adults: a systematic review

Skeletal complications represent a major morbidity in transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT), particularly among children and young adults. Osteopenia and osteoporosis arise from marrow expansion, iron overload, endocrine dysfunction, and vitamin D deficiency, leading to impaire...