Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah International Islamic University

Toward AI-Assisted Precision Diagnostics in Breast Cancer: Source-Group-Preserving Evaluation of Class-Imbalance Strategies for Ordered ER-IHC Segmentation

Background/Objectives: Estrogen receptor immunohistochemistry (ER-IHC) exhibits heterogeneous staining and substantial class imbalance, complicating segmentation of ordered expression categories. We evaluated whether class weighting, minority-focused crop sampling, adaptive minor...