Somali National University

Solving Bi-objective Interval Assignment Problem using Trisectional Fuzzy Trapezoidal Approach

Background The conventional Assignment Problem (AP) may no longer be sufficient to handle real-world problems as they get more multifaceted and incorporate numerous, frequently conflicting objectives. In response, the Bi-Objective Assignment Problem (BOAP) provides an extended op...

Development and structural validation of the Artificial Intelligence Competency Scale for Nurse Educators (AI-CSNE): a three-domain measure of perceived AI competency

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare and nursing education has created new competency requirements for nurse educators. Despite this growing demand, there is a notable lack of rigorously developed and psychometrically validated instruments specifi...

Somalia is battling concurrent outbreaks of cholera, measles, and diphtheria driven by severe drought and displacement

Somalia is experiencing concurrent cholera, measles, and diphtheria outbreaks driven by climate change, conflict, displacement, malnutrition, inadequate water and sanitation, and fragile health systems. This letter argues that these overlapping epidemics should be recognized as a...

Detecting diphtheria is not enough: the missing toxigenicity link in outbreak surveillance

Diphtheria surveillance in resource-limited settings may stop at clinical diagnosis, organism identification, or molecular detection of the diphtheria toxin gene, although these findings do not provide the same information. Identification of Corynebacterium diphtheriae establishe...

Beyond the funding gap: Somalia’s aid shock is becoming a primary health-care crisis

Abstract Somalia’s escalating humanitarian financing crisis is exposing a neglected dimension of health-system vulnerability: aid volatility can itself become a determinant of primary health-care (PHC) failure. Recent funding contractions have disrupted hospitals, primary facilit...

Determinants of crowdfunder’s behavior in using the crowdfunding waqf model for poverty alleviation in Somalia

Poverty remains a persistent and multidimensional challenge across many parts of the Muslim world. Somalia is among the poorest Muslim countries due to poverty, which hinders social and economic development. Hence, this paper adopts the TAM to examine the key factors that influen...

Multilingual hybridization in Somali noun phrases: Morphosyntactic integration of Arabic, English, and Italian borrowings across written, spoken, and dspoken and digital registers

This study explores hybridization in Somali noun phrases by analyzing the structural, morphological, and sociolinguistic processes involved in the integration of foreign lexical items into Somali syntactic frames. Drawing on written texts, spoken discourse, and diaspora digital c...

A medical retrieval augmented generation prototype for somali symptom guidance with cross lingual evidence retrieval and technical verification

Abstract Background Somali remains underrepresented in evaluated health-oriented natural-language systems. Direct use of a general-purpose large language model for symptom questions is difficult to audit because answers may not be traceable to a defined medical source and multili...

Reframing health system development in Somalia from recovery to strategic progress

Abstract Health systems in fragile and conflict-affected settings such as Somalia are widely characterized by prolonged disruption, limited state capacity, and heavy dependence on external assistance. In recent years, however, there has been growing debate on whether these system...

Climate change impacts and resilience pathways in somalia through a systematic review

Somalia is among the most climate-vulnerable countries worldwide, characterized by predominantly arid and semi-arid regions increasingly affected by recurrent droughts, irregular precipitation, rising temperatures, land degradation, and water scarcity, all of which compromise liv...

Building Digital Trust in East Africa: The Role of National ID and ICT Policy in Somalia’s Digital Transformation

Trusted digital identities sit at the heart of any modern, inclusive financial system. This paper investigates Somalia’s transition from a fragmented digital landscape to a secure, integrated ecosystem through the lens of a “Three Pillars” framework: Robust Digital Identity, Comp...

Data quality for sustainable development in fragile states, statistical systems and governance constraints in Somalia

Reliable data are essential for monitoring sustainable development, allocating resources, and strengthening accountability, yet fragile states often lack the statistical systems needed to produce timely, complete, comparable, and trusted evidence. This study aims to examine how f...

Five Conserved microRNAs Dominate the Small-RNA Pool of Three Arid-Zone Camel-Forage Plants: De Novo Repertoires and a Species-Matched Test of Cross-Kingdom Targeting in the Dromedary

Background: Camel husbandry underpins food security in drylands, and dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) milk is valued as a functional food whose composition is thought to be shaped by the desert forage that camels browse. Dietary plant microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as one m...

Epidemiology, factors associated with in-hospital survival, and outcomes of fall-related injuries in Mogadishu, Somalia: a retrospective cohort study

Fall-related injuries are an important but underrecognized public health problem in Somalia, where epidemiological evidence remains scarce. This study investigated the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, factors associated with in-hospital survival, and outcomes of patients p...

The first Bundibugyo virus vaccine trial: from first-in-human testing to outbreak readiness

On July 24, 2026, Oxford reported administering ChAdOx1 BDBV to the first participant in BD-Ebov, the first Phase I trial of a vaccine designed specifically against Bundibugyo virus. This single-ce...

Clinical Characteristics, outcomes, and mortality predictors of sepsis patients in an East African emergency department at Mogadishu, Somalia: an observational cohort study

Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where prospective emergency department data remain limited. In Somalia, evidence describing the clinical characteristics and outcom...

Prevalence, bacterial etiology, and risk factors of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) across pastoral and peri-urban production systems in south-central Somalia

Abstract Mastitis is a major constraint to camel milk productivity, udder health, and milk safety in pastoral and emerging peri-urban dairy systems, yet comparative epidemiological data across these systems remain scarce. This cross-sectional study investigated mastitis in lactat...

Opposition-Based Free Search Krill Herd for Multi-Objective Energy-Aware and Reliable WBAN Routing under Dynamic Human Mobility

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) face the persistent challenge of simultaneously achieving energy efficiency, high reliability, and ultra-low latency under dynamic human mobility and time-varying on-body channel conditions. To address this multi-objective routing problem, this...

First detection of Leishmania infantum in dogs and wild-caught Culicoides oxystoma in Hainan Province, Southern China

Leishmaniases are neglected parasitic diseases expanding globally. In China, Leishmania infantum , which isendemic in the west, has reemerged and spread to the central part of the country, raising concerns about further potential expansion. Given limited data from southern China,...

Economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Somalia testing the N shaped environmental Kuznets curve

Abstract Economic growth has played an important role in Somalia’s post-conflict recovery, but it may also have increased dependence on carbon-intensive sources of energy. This study examines the long- and short-run relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO₂) em...