Public Risk Management Association

Teacher Caring Behaviour and Junior High School Students' Learning Engagement in Physical Education: The Mediating Roles of Psychological Capital and Learning Motivation

ABSTRACT Background Physical activity has been shown to benefit students' academic achievement and engagement, yet the mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, we aimed to examine the relationship between teacher caring behaviour and learning engagement among junior high...

Causal Whitespace Patching for Korean Byte-Latent Language Models: Quality-Preserving Latency and the Limits of Scale Amplification

Byte-latent language models amortize global Transformer compute by grouping raw bytes into patches, but fewer patches need not preserve quality or reduce end-to-end latency. This study tests causal whitespace-informed patching on Korean in identical byte-latent graphs, separating...