NOAA National Ocean Service

Global Distribution of Freshwater Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins (“Saxitoxins”) 1967–2025: Implications, Limitations, and Application to Risk Assessment

Abstract Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins (PSPTs) (“Saxitoxins”) are a class of neurotoxins identified globally in freshwater and marine systems but are understudied in freshwater environments. We collected literature reports of PSPTs in natural systems from their first...