National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology

A Hybrid Multi‐Phase DEA Window‐ GRA Approach to Assessing the Dynamic Performance and Environmental Trade‐Offs of the Container Shipping Industry

ABSTRACT The global container shipping industry underwent significant transformations from 2016 to 2023, shaped by post‐Hanjin bankruptcy consolidation, COVID‐19 disruptions, and the onset of mandatory decarbonization. Throughout these phases, container shipping lines (CSLs) had...