National Institute on Drug Abuse

Associations between substance use by type and HIV viral suppression across multiple cohorts in the US

Substance use among people with HIV (PWH) represents an important obstacle to further reductions in HIV transmission. Using data from a diverse collection of five studies including people with HIV in care and those in community cohorts, we report results for analyses of the assoc...

Neuropharmacology of levamisole and its phase I metabolites: lack of evidence for levamisole-cocaine interactions

RATIONALE: The anthelmintic agent, levamisole, is a cocaine adulterant that causes serious adverse effects in humans. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain why levamisole is used as an adulterant. Here, we examined whether levamisole might enhance acute pharmacolog...

Increased encoding of aversive stimuli by lateral habenula neurons during Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol withdrawal

Abstract The lateral habenula (LHb) integrates cortical and basal forebrain (BF) input and is implicated in negative affective states, but its involvement in negative affect associated with cannabis withdrawal is unknown. Here, effects of withdrawal from the psychoactive cannabis...

The structure of the dopamine D 3 receptor bound to cariprazine reveals principles for partial agonists with designed pharmacology

The third-generation antipsychotic cariprazine is a low-efficacy partial agonist of the dopamine D 3 receptor (D 3 R). Here, we report the cryo–electron microscopy structure of cariprazine bound to D 3 R, establishing a framework for understanding ligand recognition in this recep...

A non-neuronal fMRI signal: both a confound and an opportunity for insight

Abstract Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is widely used to investigate brain function. However, interpretation of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal is complicated by the fact that it reflects both neuronal activity and vascular physiology. This problem i...