National Emergency Management Agency

Flood Hazard Assessment using Rainfall Data (1995–2025) with a Hydrograph Approach and an Eco-Geomorphic Overview in Padang City, Indonesia

Abstract Padang City experiences recurrent flooding because intense rainfall, rapid runoff from eastern catchments, low-lying floodplains, and coastal–estuarine backwater effects interact across a developed watershed continuum. Existing assessments often examine rainfall, runoff...