Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

Nd isotopes as a paleocirculation tracer: consideration of sedimentary context and assessment through a north-south Atlantic transect

Authigenic neodymium (Nd) isotope ratios have been extensively used over the past two decades to reconstruct past changes in the global ocean circulation. Nevertheless, their effectiveness as a water mass tracer is currently strongly disputed based on the potential for modificati...

Impacts of Sea Surface Temperature Warming Pattern Biases on Tropical Cyclone Activity and Hazard

Abstract Most climate models simulate greater warming in the equatorial eastern Pacific than in the west under historical forcing, resulting in a reduced zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient and a weakened Walker circulation. This contrasts with observed trends and highli...

TIP-INN: A thermodynamics-informed machine learning framework for the mechanical behavior of rocks

Abstract Modeling the mechanical deformation of geological materials across relevant thermodynamic conditions and dynamic processes remains a fundamental challenge in Earth sciences. Conventional rheological models rely on isolated disciplinary approaches and hard-coded iterative...

Synchronous glacier recession on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and in Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes during the last deglaciation: a 10Be moraine chronology from the Hengduan Shan

Establishing precise and accurate chronologies of mountain glacier fluctuations between the polar hemispheres can help test proposed hypotheses for millennial-scale climate changes during the last glaciation and the last glacial termination. Here, we address the relative phasing...

Improving global rainfall erosivity estimates from IMERG using machine learning–based error correction

Rainfall erosivity is a key driver of soil erosion and hydrologic processes, yet its estimation remains limited by sparse gauge observations and uncertainties in satellite precipitation products. This study presents a machine learning–based framework to improve global rainfall er...

Cosmogenic 10 Be as a Tracer for Recent Heliospheric Encounters With Interstellar Cold Clouds and Nearby Supernovae

Abstract Recent works suggest there are periods when the Sun encountered massive interstellar cold clouds which compressed the heliosphere to within Earth's orbit, exposing Earth to interstellar galactic cosmic rays and energetic particles of heliospheric origin. We model 10 Be p...

The downward legacy of a phytoplankton bloom in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Abstract Ocean particles are a heterogeneous collection, including living and dead cells, feces, mucus‐rich aggregates, and mineral shells and frustules. In the well‐lit upper ocean, phototrophic processes fuel production of particulate matter; however, only a relatively small pe...

A random forest isoscape model of bioavailable Sr for South America: a focus on southern Brazil

In recent years, advances in machine learning have greatly improved the generation of maps showing the geographic distribution of isotope ratios (isoscapes), which have become essential tools for environmental, mobility and provenance studies in both modern and archaeological con...

Future Redistribution of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Risk in Two Contrasting CMIP6 Scenarios

Abstract We analyze North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone (TC) activity using the Columbia HAZard model to downscale 12 models from CMIP6 under the SSP1‐2.6 and SSP5‐8.5 scenarios—representing low and high radiative forcing, respectively. Despite greater warming under SSP5‐8.5, basin‐w...

How Much Physics Should a Neural Network Know? Thermodynamics‐Informed Neural Networks for Rock Constitutive Modeling With Epistemic Uncertainty

Abstract Machine learning offers a flexible route to constitutive modeling, with two emergent questions for geoscience applications: what level of thermodynamic constraint should be embedded in the network architecture, and how should predictive uncertainty be quantified when ext...

Extratropical teleconnections in a multi-model ensemble nudged towards the observed QBO

The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), the dominant mode of interannual variability of monthly-mean zonal winds and temperatures in the equatorial stratosphere, has a significant influence on the circulation in other regions of the stratosphere and troposphere in boreal winter. To...

The plausible relationship between deep long-period earthquakes and volatiles: a case study of the Alaska-Aleutian arc

Abstract Deep long-period (DLP) earthquakes are observed beneath volcanoes in various tectonic settings during background activity, unrest, and eruption. The exact processes generating DLPs have been subject to ongoing debate, as they may provide insight into deep magmatic plumbi...

Deep Learning to Infer Ocean Dynamics

Inferring ocean dynamics remains challenging due to the complexity of multiscale nonlinear interactions, sparsity of observations, and limitations of numerical models. Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a powerful data-driven framework that exploits nonlinear dependencies across h...

Invited perspectives: Towards usable compound event research

Abstract. Supporting stakeholders with science-based decision-making to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts is a central mandate of the climate research community. In particular, mapping out scenario-dependent climate risk landscapes is one of the most pressing challenge...

Explicit depth representation improves the 3D modelling of soil carbon to nitrogen ratio in croplands

The soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) is a fundamental indicator of organic matter quality and nutrient cycling, yet its three-dimensional (3D) variability in croplands remains poorly understood. Accurate mapping of the C:N ratio is essential for evaluating sustainable ag...

Tracking Variability in Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Riverine Inputs to the Iberian Margin Over the Last 250 kyr

Abstract The Iberian Margin provides an exceptional archive of climate variability due to its high sedimentation rates. However, uncertainties persist regarding the provenance of terrigenous detrital sediments on the Iberian Margin, and the climate‐driven changes in their source...

Efficient nitrogen management as a win-win strategy for air quality, health, and climate

Reactive nitrogen (Nr) management links climate policy, air quality and food production, yet its combined impacts remain poorly quantified. Here, we conduct ensemble simulations with two global climate models, Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and Community Earth System...

Measuring Ocean Surface Waves

Abstract Propagating waves on the ocean surface can be represented as a stochastic process whose statistics are characterized by a spectrum. This paper reviews methods for measuring the wave spectrum and related quantities. Observations begin by sensing fluid dynamical properties...

Glacier surges on James Ross Island, Antarctica, and their relationship with climate

Abstract. Although the Antarctic Peninsula has a similar climate to that of other regions hosting surge-type glaciers, only one glacier surge has been previously observed in this region. We examined ice surface velocity, elevation and terminus position changes of Antarctic Penins...

Influence of transboundary wildfire smoke on fine particulate matter concentrations at South Texas border schools

Exposure to air pollutants in indoor and outdoor school environments poses significant health risks to children due to their heightened vulnerability. Increasing wildfire frequency has intensified transboundary smoke transport, with border communities among the first to experienc...