Khatam University

Optimization of biodiesel production via oleic acid esterification over a novel NiMoO4 catalyst supported on functionalized lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA)

This study evaluates a nickel molybdate catalyst supported on functionalized lightweight expanded clay aggregate NiMoO 4 -f-LECA synthesized via a microwave-assisted route for biodiesel production. Characterization confirmed the successful dispersion of NiMoO4 nanoparticles, yiel...

Determinants of CO2 Emissions in Azerbaijan’s Manufacturing and Construction Sectors: The Roles of Energy Intensity, Output, and Investment (ARDL–ECM with Structural Breaks)

This study investigates the determinants of CO2 emissions in Azerbaijan’s manufacturing and construction sector (MC), focusing on the roles of energy intensity, output scale, and investment. Using annual time-series data for the period 2007–2023, we apply the ARDL-ECM model, whic...

Distortion of Multi-Winner Elections on the Line Metric: The Polar Comparison Rule

We study the problem of minimizing metric distortion in multi-winner elections, where a committee of size k is selected from a set of candidates based on voters’ ordinal preferences. We assume that voters and candidates are embedded on a line metric, and social cost is determined...

The Versatility of Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Review and Structured Survey of Architectures, Applications, Challenges, and Future Trajectories

Abstract Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a transformative technology in artificial intelligence, significantly advancing natural language understanding, generation, and reasoning capabilities. This survey reviews the evolution of language models from early statistica...

Nano-silicon and regulator treatments unlock genotype-specific growth and yield responses in durum and common wheat under field conditions

Enhancing wheat productivity under real-world field conditions remains a major challenge for sustainable agriculture. Silicon-based amendments and plant growth regulators have shown promise in improving crop performance, yet their comparative effectiveness across contrasting whea...