Islamic University of Indonesia

Ultrasound-assisted esterification of levulinic acid for sustainable butyl levulinate production over tin(II)-modified silicotungstic acid supported on activated bentonite

Leveraging ultrasound irradiation and Brønsted–Lewis acid synergy, butyl levulinate (BL), a promising bio-based fuel additive, was synthesized by esterifying levulinic acid (LA) with n -butanol over tin(II)-modified silicotungstic acid supported on activated bentonite (Sn x STA/a...