International Law Institute

Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling of Spermatozoa and Seminal Plasma Identifies Candidate Metabolic Indicators of Semen Quality in Holstein Bulls

This exploratory study applied untargeted LC–MS/MS metabolomic profiling to investigate metabolic differences between Holstein bulls with high-quality (HQ) and low-quality (LQ) semen in both spermatozoa and seminal plasma. Bulls were classified based on long-term routine semen qu...