International Copper Association

Derivation of a Bioavailability-Based Environmental Quality Standard for Copper in European Freshwaters under the Water Framework Directive using an updated methodology

Copper (Cu) is a river basin specific pollutant under the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Compliance assessment under the WFD should be based on a tiered approach that considers a bioavailability correction integrating local physico-chemistry conditions. The existing pr...