Instituto Superior Tecnológico Loja

Real-World Emission Factors for Andean Light-Duty Vehicles Based on a PSVm10-Validated Driving Cycle Across 0–4000 m Altitude

Emission inventories for high-altitude Andean cities rely on sea-level certification cycles that misrepresent real-world combustion conditions. This study derives altitude-resolved emission factors (EFs) for light-duty gasoline vehicles across 0–4000 m a.s.l. in Ecuador using the...