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Colour Doppler ultrasound assessment of retrobulbar hemodynamics and static retinal vessel analysis in Sjögren’s disease: the SICARD cohort

Abstract Objectives To assess, for the first time, macrovascular, medium-calibre vessel, and microvascular damage in Sjögren’s disease (SjD) using carotid greyscale ultrasound (GSUS), retrobulbar colour Doppler ophthalmic artery (OA) ultrasound (RCDUS), and static retinal vessel...

Antibiotics and the Endocrine System: Mechanisms, Adverse Effects, and Clinical Implications

Background/Objectives: Antibiotics are widely used in clinical practice, yet their potential effects on endocrine homeostasis remain insufficiently recognized. This review summarizes endocrine adverse effects associated with selected antibacterial agents, their proposed mechanism...