Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

The Role of Motivational Instructional Design in Self-Directed Learning and Achievement Motivation in Higher Education

Teaching remains central to higher education, where increasing demands for learner autonomy require instructional approaches that effectively support students’ motivation and engagement. This study examined the relationship between motivational instructional design, based on Kell...

Source identification and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in groundwater

This study presents an integrated assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), pollution status, ecological risk, human health risk, spatial distribution, and source apportionment in groundwater from the Birjand aquifer, eastern Iran. Twenty-eight groundwater samples were col...