Army Medical College

Research on an Interpretable Grey Wolf Optimization-Based Ensemble Machine Learning Model for Identifying Heterogeneity of Bladder Cancer Based on Immunological Microenvironment

Abstract Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) exhibits marked heterogeneity, leading to variable treatment responses and prognoses across subtypes. Current molecular classification systems lack emphasis on immune-related genes, limiting their utility for guiding immunotherapy. Usi...