Ara Institute of Canterbury

Who benefits from public education spending in Pakistan? Evidence from income and language benefit incidence analysis

Equity in public education spending is commonly assessed through income-based measures, potentially overlooking other dimensions along which educational participation and public benefits vary. This study extends conventional benefit incidence analysis (BIA) by examining the distr...

Evaluation of sustainable biofilter for septic tank discharge: lessons from ancient biofilter techniques

ABSTRACT On-site wastewater treatment systems require reliable polishing processes to reduce organic matter, suspended solids, and nitrogen species in septic tank effluent before discharge or land application. This study evaluated alternative granular biofilter media, including 2...