Yinghao Pan

Commuting inequality in urban China: Social stratification, hukou gaps, and city-level variation in estimated peak-hour commutes

Commuting inequality reflects uneven access to housing, jobs, and mobility, yet national evidence on its social patterning in urban China remains limited. We link the 2015 China 1% Population Sample Survey to Baidu Maps API estimates of weekday morning peak-hour travel time to ex...