Xingwei Zhao

Reappraising energy conversion in internal combustion engines: the ideal cycle and corresponding efficiency definition from a chemical-energy perspective

Conventional ideal internal combustion engine cycles are grounded in the air-standard assumption, which obscures the compositional evolution of the working fluid and mischaracterizes the true nature of energy input as external heat addition rather than in-cylinder chemical conver...

Three‑dimensional graphical golden ratio optimization of a variable working fluid concentration auto‑cascade refrigeration cycle

The auto-cascade refrigeration cycle has broad application prospects in low-temperature freezers, biomedical equipment, environmental test equipment, and small-scale liquefaction devices. Compared with conventional multi-stage cascade cycles, improved low-temperature refrigeratio...