Xin Ma

Carbon Taxation and Regional Cost-Burden Balancing in a Household Plastic-Waste Closed-Loop Supply Chain: An Exact Bilevel Optimization Model

Carbon pricing can change manufacturers’ material choices, while the costs of managing the residual waste remain geographically uneven. We formulate a manufacturer–regulator bilevel model for a household plastic-waste closed-loop supply chain with quantity-dependent recycled-bale...