Wael Hegazy-Hassan

Salivary Cobalt, Nickel, Chromium and Titanium After Fixed Orthodontic Appliance Removal: A 3-Month Pilot Longitudinal Study

Objective: Our objective was to determine the salivary levels of cobalt, nickel, chromium, and titanium ions at the end of fixed orthodontic treatment and during the post-removal period (1 and 3 months after removal of the fixed appliance). Methods: This pilot longitudinal study...