Vasilis Grammeniatis

Black Pleural Effusion as a Rare Presentation of Serotype 3 Pneumococcal Empyema

Black pleural effusion (BPE) is exceptionally rare in children, with only 1 previously reported pediatric case linked to a pancreaticopleural fistula, while adult cases are typically associated with rupture of pancreatic pseudocysts, malignancy, fungal infection, or hemorrhage. A...