Thomas Andrew Schwarz

From Fit to Attribution: What the Bullet Cluster and DESI DR2 Support

Strong cosmological evidence can support a model package without yet fixing what physical claim inside it is licensed. We ask a narrower question: where, in a published inferential pipeline, does the force of a component attribution enter, and where does it stop? We develop a con...

Structural Preconditions of Physical Description: A Functional Account of Applicability Conditions

Physical theories operate only if their claims can be about determinate targets, range beyond isolated tokens, impose non-trivial rule-governed structure on assignments, relations, transitions, or their weights, and—where change is described—distinguish ordered configurations. Th...

When Physical Applicability Fails: A Token-Level Verdict Protocol for Physical Claims

A physical claim can be mathematically well formed, empirically non-trivial, and still leave open whether its asserted physical content is licensed by the commitments that carry it. This paper supplies the token-level verdict layer for an applicability framework developed in two...