Tarek El Diab

Addressing Is Not Free: Factored Knowledge Storage and the Key-Discrimination Limit of Dense Models

Dense language models store factual knowledge superposed in their weights, paying an addressing cost that is real but invisible: no line item in any capacity account says what it costs to find a fact. We present a pre-registered measurement study of that cost from both sides of a...

A Dial, Not a Line

A factored store answers from addresses computed from content. Its addressing is certified: keys computed from canonical names reach never-supervised entities, and the value at the slot is returned by lookup rather than generation. What has never been certified is the first arrow...