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Natural Antioxidants Enhance Post-Thaw Sperm Quality and Fertilization Performance in Javaen Barb (Systomus rubripinnis)

The freeze–thaw process in sperm cryopreservation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that impair motility, viability, and fertilizing capacity in fish, including the Javaen barb (Systomus rubripinnis), an endemic Indonesian cyprinid of conservation concern. Cryopreservation...