Soumendra Nath Thakur

Photon Dynamics in External Gravitational Fields: Energy–Momentum Exchange Between Photons and Gravitational Fields in Extended Classical Mechanics

Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) describes the photon as an energetic physical entity whose interaction with an external gravitational field proceeds by direct force- and energy–momentum exchange, rather than through the geometric curvature of spacetime. This paper develops the...

Photon Dynamics in External Gravitational Fields: Energy–Momentum Exchange Between Photons and Gravitational Fields in Extended Classical Mechanics

Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) describes the photon as an energetic physical entity whose interaction with an external gravitational field proceeds by direct force- and energy–momentum exchange, rather than through the geometric curvature of spacetime. This paper develops the...

Wavelength versus Period — Physical Reality and Mathematical Abstraction in Wave Mechanics: A Consistent Formal Framework in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM)

Wavelength (λ) and period (T) are conventionally introduced as the spatial and temporal descriptions of a wave cycle, coupled through the wave relation v = λf = λ/T. This paper examines the physical status of these quantities within a frequency-governed description: wavelength re...

Photon Interactions in Dense Medium vs. External Gravitational Field in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM)

The bending of light at the interface of a dense medium (refraction) and the bending of light near a massive body (gravitational lensing) are examined within Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) as force-based energy–momentum interactions. The paper distinguishes the externally obs...

Force-Based Phase-Frequency Continuum and Axiomatic Lorentz Transformation Alternatives in Extended Classical Mechanics

Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) formulates a force-based, phase-frequency continuum as an alternative mathematical framework for describing large-scale cosmic motion, galactic dynamics, and velocity-dependent phenomena without invoking metric spacetime curvature. The framework...

Force-Based Phase-Frequency Continuum and Axiomatic Lorentz Transformation Alternatives in Extended Classical Mechanics

Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) formulates a force-based, phase-frequency continuum as an alternative mathematical framework for describing large-scale cosmic motion, galactic dynamics, and velocity-dependent phenomena without invoking metric spacetime curvature. The framework...

From Absolute Space to Angular Phase: An Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) Reassessment of the Physics–Mathematics Relationship in Gravitational Theory and the Genesis of Manifested Reality

This monograph re-examines the epistemological relationship between physics and mathematics, tracing the historical development of gravitational theory from Newtonian mechanics through Einstein's general relativity, and evaluates the empirical standing of the spacetime concept. I...

From Absolute Space to Angular Phase: An Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) Reassessment of the Physics–Mathematics Relationship in Gravitational Theory and the Genesis of Manifested Reality

This monograph re-examines the epistemological relationship between physics and mathematics, tracing the historical development of gravitational theory from Newtonian mechanics through Einstein's general relativity, and evaluates the empirical standing of the spacetime concept. I...

From Absolute Space to Angular Phase: An Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) Reassessment of the Physics–Mathematics Relationship in Gravitational Theory and the Genesis of Manifested Reality

This monograph re-examines the epistemological relationship between physics and mathematics, tracing the historical development of gravitational theory from Newtonian mechanics through Einstein's general relativity, and evaluates the empirical standing of the spacetime concept. I...

Phase-State Primacy in Extended Classical Mechanics: A Formal Response to Geometric, Energetic, and Cosmological Objections

Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) introduces a phase-state variable x° whose domain precedes the emergence of dimensional geometric structure. This paper provides a formal response to three classes of objection: (i) geometric objections that impose the conventional angular-phase...

Dimensional Consistency of k₍ₓ°₎ = h(fᴘ₍ₓ°₎ / f₀₍ₓ°₎) in Extended Classical Mechanics

This work examines the dimensional consistency of the proposed ECM relation k₍ₓ°₎ = h(fᴘ₍ₓ°₎ / f₀₍ₓ°₎), establishing how the frequency ratio remains dimensionless while k₍ₓ°₎ retains the dimensions of Planck’s constant h across the dynamic phase-state domain.

Energetic Phase Measure x° and Its Relation to Frequency, Wavelength, Matter Mass, and Kinetic Energy in Extended Classical Mechanics

This work introduces x° as an energetic phase measure in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) and examines its dynamic correspondence with frequency variation, phase wavelength, matter-mass manifestation, and kinetic-energy transformation.

Energetic Phase Measure x° and Its Relation to Frequency, Wavelength, Matter Mass, and Kinetic Energy in Extended Classical Mechanics

This work introduces x° as an energetic phase measure in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) and examines its dynamic correspondence with frequency variation, phase wavelength, matter-mass manifestation, and kinetic-energy transformation.

A Phase-Geometric Framework with Fixed Planck Length, Mathematical Subdivided Coordinates, and Cyclic Cosmic Evolution: Extended Classical Mechanics

Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) presents a phase-, frequency-, energy-, and propagation-based framework for describing physical emergence from an initial zero-length potential-energy state. The formulation retains the Planck length ℓₚ = 1.616255 × 10⁻³⁵ m as a fixed physical r...

Propagation-State Transformation Matrix in Extended Classical Mechanics

Version 1.2 The propagation-state formalism recently introduced within the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) provides an alternative physical interpretation of the relativistic Doppler effect by distinguishing the normalized propagation state from the observed propa...

Core Operational Relations of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM)

Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) formulates a unified operational framework in which time, frequency, energy, mass, and force are represented as physically connected manifestations of phase-dependent transformation rather than as independent quantities. The framework begins wit...