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Determinants of perceived stigma in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: The role of clinical subtype, non-motor symptoms, and levodopa equivalent daily dose

Aims: Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Its prevalence increases with age.Stigma refers to negative societal perceptions and attitudes toward individuals with chronic diseas...