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Frozen Brain-MRI Foundation Models Are Site Fingerprints

Frozen foundation-model (FM) embeddings are increasingly used as off-the-shelf brain-MRI representations, on theassumption that they capture anatomy. We audit what they actually encode and find that acquisition site is a large,intrinsic component of the representation. Across two...

Frozen Brain-MRI Foundation Models Are Site Fingerprints

Frozen foundation-model (FM) embeddings are increasingly used as off-the-shelf brain-MRI representations, on theassumption that they capture anatomy. We audit what they actually encode and find that acquisition site is a large,intrinsic component of the representation. Across two...

Frozen Brain-MRI Foundation Models Are Site Fingerprints

Frozen foundation-model (FM) embeddings are increasingly used as off-the-shelf brain-MRI representations, on theassumption that they capture anatomy. We audit what they actually encode and find that acquisition site is a large,intrinsic component of the representation. Across two...