Roozbeh Cheraghali

Chronic traumatic popliteal arteriovenous fistula presenting twenty years after shotgun injury: a case report and critical literature review

Traumatic arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) account for only 2.5–4% of penetrating vascular injuries, yet their natural history is insidious: most remain hemodynamically compensated for years before clinical decompensation. Delayed popliteal AVF poses unique diagnostic and therapeuti...