Reem Magdy Khallaf

A biomimetic 3D printed gradient tri-layered scaffold stimulating osteochondral differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for mandibular condyle regeneration

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to fabricate and assess the physical, mechanical, and in vitro biological properties of 3D printed single-layered scaffolds that simulate cartilage, calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone tissue. As well as a tri-layered osteochondral scaff...