Rashid; id_orcid 0000-0001-9983-5929 Maqbool

AI-driven whole-life costing for decision-ready UK public building retrofits

Abstract Public-sector building retrofits in the United Kingdom require decisions that balance whole-life cost, carbon reduction, service continuity and auditability under limited data and constrained capital budgets. This paper develops a decision-ready whole-life costing (WLC)...