Peter A. Smirnov

Ciliated larvae turn spiny: novelties in the miniaturized miracidium of Bunocotyle progenetica (Digenea: Hemiuroidea)

Abstract Background Miracidia, the larvae of digeneans, infect a molluscan host. In many species they are ciliated swimmers that actively locate a snail. In several digenean lineages, however, the miracidia are miniaturized and enter molluscs passively, being swallowed. The contr...