Paúl Montúfar

Effect of Altitude on Gasoline Combustion Efficiency in Light-Duty Vehicles: Evidence from Andean Corridors (0–4000 m a.s.l.)

Reduced air density at altitude challenges spark-ignition combustion in light-duty vehicles, particularly in Andean countries where fleets operate between sea level and over 4000 m a.s.l. We quantified the effect of altitude on gasoline combustion efficiency and pollutant formati...

Real-World Emission Factors for Andean Light-Duty Vehicles Based on a PSVm10-Validated Driving Cycle Across 0–4000 m Altitude

Emission inventories for high-altitude Andean cities rely on sea-level certification cycles that misrepresent real-world combustion conditions. This study derives altitude-resolved emission factors (EFs) for light-duty gasoline vehicles across 0–4000 m a.s.l. in Ecuador using the...