Ozan Erdem

Performance of vision-language models compared with 252 medical students on text-only and image-based dermatology examinations

Abstract Vision–language models (VLMs) are increasingly evaluated in medical education, yet their performance on visually intensive assessments remains incompletely understood. We compared four state-of-the-art VLMs (ChatGPT-4o, ChatGPT-5, Gemini 2.5 Flash, and Gemini 3 Pro) with...