Nayera Abdeldayem Eltamboly

Geopolitical risks and value chain costs in Egypt and Saudi Arabia’s milling industry: the moderating effect of supply chain structure

Abstract This study empirically investigates how heightened geopolitical risks affect the value chain costs of upstream and downstream activities in Egyptian and Saudi milling firms from 2020 to 2025, and the moderating effect of supply chain structure. Grounded in resource depen...