Muhammed Assous

Interlaminar Versus Transforaminal Full-Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Structured Debate and International Practice Patterns

Objective: This study aimed to synthesize evidence comparing transforaminal (TELD) and interlaminar (IELD) full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy and characterize surgeons’ stated approach preferences across anatomical scenarios.Methods: We conducted a structured narrative (nonsystema...

Inside-Out Versus Outside-In Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: A Structured Debate and International Practice Patterns

Transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) is performed by 2 techniques that differ in where the working corridor is first established: inside-out docks within the disc and works outward; outside-in establishes the corridor in the foramen, typically by foraminoplasty, and...