Muhammad Nasar

Physics-Informed Anomaly Detection in IEC 61850 Sampled-Value Networks: A Dual-Threshold Kirchhoff Residual Approach Without Machine Learning

Real-time integrity monitoring of Sampled-Values in IEC 61850-9-2 is critical for detecting cyber-physical attacks, yet the unauthenticated multicast ASN.1/BER transport leaves every in-transit frame exposed to undetected modification. However, machine-learning-based detectors re...