Mohammad Tamer Abbara

Orthograde Apical Barrier in Non-Vital Immature Permanent Teeth: A Narrative Review of Clinical Pathways, Procedural Determinants, and Evidence Gaps

Background/Objectives: Pulp necrosis in immature permanent teeth arrests root development, leaving an open apex, thin, divergent dentinal walls, and an unfavorable crown-to-root ratio that predisposes the tooth to fracture and complicates endodontic management. An apical barrier...