Mercy Okoh

Evaluation of serum and salivary interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) biomarkers in patients with temporomandibular disorders

Biomarkers like TNF-α and IL-1 are increasingly recognised as promising tools for enhancing TMD diagnosis and treatment. These biomarkers are detectable in synovial fluid, saliva, and blood. Salivary and serum biomarkers are increasingly favoured over synovial fluid biomarkers be...