Meiraf G Tesfaye

Europe's Dilemma with International Surrogacy Arrangements: A New Means to Parenthood or Transnational Crime?

European Union (EU) Directive 2024/1712 mandates Member States to criminalise the ‘exploitation of surrogacy’ where all constitutive elements of human trafficking are present. Prior to this Directive, European States were mainly guided by the European Court of Human Rights’ inter...