Masoud Khazaei

Fenestrated Microneedle Biosensor for Continuous In Vivo Lactate Monitoring in Interstitial Fluid

ABSTRACT Lactate is a key biomarker of tissue metabolism and oxygenation, yet clinical assessment still relies on intermittent blood tests that overlook rapid metabolic dynamics and disrupt clinical workflows. Continuous transdermal monitoring of lactate in interstitial fluid (IS...