Maria Grandinetti

Real-time localization of percutaneous venous drainage cannula tips for cardiopulmonary bypass: A prospective trial comparing intracavitary electrocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography

Introduction: Accurate positioning of percutaneous venous drainage cannulas in the superior vena cava (SVC) is essential to ensure effective venous return during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), particularly in minimally invasive and re-operative cardiac surgery. Transesophageal ech...