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Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Inflammatory, and Metabolic Biomarkers with Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is a common microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and multiple interacting systemic factors. This study evaluated the associations of i...