Luchen Xu

The PDE3-specific inhibitor milrinone improves asthenozoospermic sperm function by regulating cAMP–PKA signaling pathway and energy metabolism

CONTEXT: Inhibiting phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity to increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations is a core strategy in artificial sperm activation. PDE3, a key member of the PDE family, comprises two subtypes, PDE3A and PDE3B. However, their specific expressi...