Loubna Elotmani

Changes in LVOT velocity–time integral during whole blood donation: implications for early detection of hypovolemia in spontaneously breathing patients

Early identification of hypovolemia remains challenging in emergency settings, as vital signs may remain normal during initial blood loss. Point-of-care echocardiography allows assessment of stroke volume through left ventricular outflow tract velocity–time integral (LVOT VTI), b...