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Diabetes Risk Prediction under Severe Class Imbalance: Comparing Firth Logistic Regression and SMOTEN-Based Logistic Regression

Diabetes mellitus is a major noncommunicable disease, and reliable early-detection prediction can support Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 3.4. This study compares standard logistic regression, Firth's Penalized Logistic Regression, and SMOTEN-based logistic regression f...