Liang Li

3D Point Cloud–Based Digital Twin Reconstruction and VR Immersive Visualization ofBorobudur’s Hidden Foot Reliefs

Abstract. The Borobudur Temple’s Hidden Foot (Karmawibhangga layer), comprising 160 bas-relief panels sealed behind protective stone cladding since the early 20th century, presents a compelling challenge for digital cultural heritage practice. This paper presents a digital twin r...